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Gente d'Italia

Ma che cosa succede se l’Italia dice no al Mes?

Tutti si chiedono: che succede se accettiamo i 36 miliardi del Mes? Dove sta l’imbroglio? Sono domande fuorvianti, e non solo perché basta leggere il testo dell’accordo approvato dall’Eurogruppo per capire che non c’è alcun inghippo. Piuttosto, bisogna prendere la questione da un angolo diverso: cosa succede se l’Italia sceglie la via dell’orgoglio e rifiuta questo finanziamento? C’è una risposta ristretta e una più ampia.

Da una prospettiva ristretta, semplicemente, poiché nei prossimi mesi la spesa pubblica dovrà esplodere per far fronte all’emergenza coronavirus, ci dovremo indebitare di un pari ammontare chiedendo i soldi a prestito al mercato. Poiché il Mes è in grado di raccogliere risorse a un tasso di interesse intorno allo zero, molto più basso di quello italiano, ciò implica come una maggiore spesa per interessi nei prossimi dieci anni pari a circa 6 miliardi di euro, secondo la stima di un recente studio IBL.

Ma questo calcolo presuppone che i mercati siano indifferenti al comportamento italiano. Non ne possiamo essere certi. Anzi: vedendo che nonostante la situazione drammatica l’Italia rifiuta i "soldi gratis" del Mes nel nome di una diatriba politica interna, gli investitori internazionali potrebbero convincersi che il nostro paese non sta prendendo la situazione con la dovuta serietà. E dedurne che non ci si può fidare di noi: ovvero chiedere un tasso di interesse maggiore rispetto al passato, aumentando ulteriormente lo spreco di denaro pubblico.

C’è anche un altro aspetto: molti si interrogano sul perché l’Italia dovrebbe ricorrere al Mes mentre altri paesi sembrano indifferenti. Anche qui, la spiegazione è semplice: perché il Belpaese è quello che dall’operazione può trarre il massimo vantaggio, per una combinazione tra la dimensione della nostra economia e il differenziale nei tassi di interesse.

Nella seguente Tabella si vede una stima IBL dei risparmi dei principali paesi. Alcuni, come il Portogallo, avrebbero un vantaggio limitato; altri, come Francia e Germania, sono in grado di finanziarsi a condizioni più vantaggiose senza passare dal Mes. Solo Grecia e Spagna si trovano in una situazione comparabile alla nostra, ma l’Italia può chiedere un finanziamento molto maggiore della Grecia e deve pagare tassi di interessi superiori alla Spagna. In sintesi, il guadagno dell’Italia vale, da solo, più del doppio del risparmio congiunto degli altri paesi potenzialmente beneficiari del Mes. Quindi l’unica questione a cui la politica italiana dovrebbe rispondere è questa: se non ora, quando? E se non noi, chi?

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